IREE MMA 執行流程完整分析

這份文件以 iree-compile MLIR to GPU code 的 log 為基礎,完整解析 IREE 編譯器在 GPU 後端(特別是 AMD RDNA3 架構)推導 MMA(Matrix Multiply-Accumulate)Schedule 的整個過程。

IREE(Intermediate Representation Execution Environment)是由 Google 與開源社群共同開發的高效能編譯框架,用來把高階機器學習模型轉換成能在各種硬體上直接執行的程式碼。模型可以從 PyTorch、TensorFlow 或其他前端匯出為 MLIR(Multi-Level Intermediate Representation)格式,IREE 便能基於這些中介表示進行優化、分配記憶體、並最終產生針對目標硬體(如 GPU、CPU、或專用加速器)的執行程式。

在 GPU 後端中,IREE 的 Codegen 模組會針對矩陣運算(如 linalg.matmul),自動挑選合適的 MMA intrinsic,並根據硬體特性(subgroup 大小、對齊條件、shared memory 限制等)生成最佳化的 kernel。這份分析文件會逐步對應 log 輸出與實際原始碼(包含檔案名稱與行號),重現 IREE 的推導邏輯、公式與決策過程。可以清楚看到 IREE 如何從 PyTorch 匯出的 MLIR matmul 運算,一步步轉換成能在 GPU 上以 硬體原生 MMA 指令 執行的高效 kernel,並理解編譯器如何在 演算法結構、硬體特性與記憶體配置 之間取得最佳平衡。


📋 目錄

  1. 概述
  2. 執行流程總覽
  3. 階段 1: Kernel Config 選擇
  4. 階段 2: MMA Schedule Deduction 初始化
  5. 階段 3: Intrinsic 選擇與驗證
  6. 階段 4: 最佳 MMA Schedule 計算
  7. 階段 5: Schedule 驗證與 SRAM 檢查
  8. 階段 6: Schedule Fitting
  9. 階段 7: 最終配置
  10. 完整決策樹
  11. 關鍵公式總結

概述

測試案例

輸入 MLIR:

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linalg.matmul ins(%A, %B : tensor<128x512xf16>, tensor<512x256xf16>) 
outs(%C : tensor<128x256xf32>) -> tensor<128x256xf32>

問題規格:

  • 矩陣大小: M=128, N=256, K=512
  • 輸入型別: f16 × f16
  • 輸出型別: f32
  • 目標硬體: AMD RDNA3 (gfx1201)
  • SRAM 限制: 65536 bytes (64 KB)
  • IREE 版本: v3.6.0

最終結果: 成功使用 MMA intrinsic (WMMAR3_F32_16x16x16_F16)

執行流程總覽

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┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 階段 1: Kernel Config 選擇 │
│ 選擇 VectorDistribution + Contraction Config │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 階段 2: MMA Schedule Deduction 初始化 │
│ 設定問題參數、SRAM 限制、配置選項 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 階段 3: Intrinsic 選擇與驗證 (canTargetIntrinsic) │
│ ✓ 型別匹配檢查 │
│ ✓ 對齊檢查 │
│ ✓ Skinny matmul 檢查 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 階段 4: 最佳 MMA Schedule 計算 (getOptimalMMASchedule) │
│ 計算 tile counts、分配 subgroups 和 tiles │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 階段 5: Schedule 驗證與 SRAM 檢查 (isValidSchedule) │
│ ✓ 對齊驗證 │
│ ✓ SRAM 使用量計算 │
│ ✓ SRAM 限制檢查 (50% 使用率) │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 階段 6: Schedule Fitting (fitScheduleInSharedMemory) │
│ ✓ Schedule 已經有效,無需縮減 (0 iterations) │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ 階段 7: 最終配置 │
│ Workgroup tile: 64×64, Reduction tile: 128 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘


階段 1: Kernel Config 選擇

Log 輸出

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[iree-llvmgpu-kernel-config]: Selecting root config for: %7 = linalg.matmul ins(%3, %4 : tensor<128x512xf16>, tensor<512x256xf16>) outs(%6 : tensor<128x256xf32>) -> tensor<128x256xf32>
[iree-llvmgpu-kernel-config]: VectorDistribution: finding a suitable config...
[iree-llvmgpu-kernel-config]: VectorDistribution: trying to find a suitable contraction config
[iree-llvmgpu-kernel-config]: Contraction dims: [m, n, k]
[iree-llvmgpu-kernel-config]: Problem size: [128, 256, 512]
[iree-llvmgpu-kernel-config]: Matmul Vector Distribution Config

對應程式碼

檔案: compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/LLVMGPU/KernelConfig.cpp
函數: setRootConfig (行 3287-3366)

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LogicalResult setRootConfig(mlir::FunctionOpInterface entryPointFn,
Operation *computeOp) {
LDBG("Selecting root config for: " << *computeOp);

auto linalgOp = dyn_cast<linalg::LinalgOp>(computeOp);
if (!linalgOp) return failure();

// 嘗試 VectorDistribution config
if (succeeded(setVectorDistributionConfig(target, entryPointFn, linalgOp))) {
LDBG("VectorDistribution Config");
return success();
}
// ... 其他 fallback configs
}

函數: setVectorDistributionConfig (行 2800-2900)

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static LogicalResult setVectorDistributionConfig(
IREE::GPU::TargetAttr target, mlir::FunctionOpInterface entryPointFn,
linalg::LinalgOp op) {
LDBG("VectorDistribution: finding a suitable config...");

// 檢查是否為 contraction
if (linalg::isaContractionOpInterface(op)) {
LDBG("VectorDistribution: trying to find a suitable contraction config");
// 提取 contraction dimensions
SmallVector<utils::IteratorType> iteratorTypes = op.getIteratorTypesArray();
LDBG("Contraction dims: " << contractionDims);
LDBG("Problem size: " << problemSize);

// 嘗試使用 Matmul Vector Distribution
if (succeeded(setMatmulVectorDistributionConfig(...))) {
LDBG("Matmul Vector Distribution Config");
return success();
}
}
}

說明

  1. 入口點: setRootConfig 是選擇 kernel 配置的主要入口
  2. 策略選擇: 對於 matmul 操作,選擇 VectorDistribution 策略
  3. Contraction 檢測: 識別出這是一個 contraction 操作 (matmul)
  4. 維度提取: 提取 M, N, K 維度 → [128, 256, 512]

階段 2: MMA Schedule Deduction 初始化

Log 輸出

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========================================
[DEDUCE MMA] Starting MMA schedule deduction
========================================
deduceMMASchedule: problem types: aType=f16, bType=f16, cType=f32
deduceMMASchedule: problem sizes: M=[128], N=[256], K=[512]
deduceMMASchedule: number of intrinsics: 9
deduceMMASchedule: sharedMemLimitInBytes: 65536
deduceMMASchedule: subgroupSize: 32
deduceMMASchedule: canUpcastAcc: 0
deduceMMASchedule: mustBeAligned: 1
deduceMMASchedule: doCPromotion: 0
========================================

對應程式碼

檔案: compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/Common/GPU/GPUHeuristics.cpp
函數: deduceMMASchedule (行 564-672)

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FailureOr<GPUMMASchedule> deduceMMASchedule(
const GPUMatmulShapeType &problem,
ArrayRef<GPUIntrinsicType> intrinsics,
const GPUMMAHeuristicSeeds &seeds,
int64_t sharedMemLimitInBytes,
int64_t subgroupSize,
bool transposedLhs,
bool transposedRhs,
bool canUpcastAcc,
bool mustBeAligned,
bool doCPromotion) {

LLVM_DEBUG({
llvm::dbgs() << "\n========================================\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[DEDUCE MMA] Starting MMA schedule deduction\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "========================================\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "deduceMMASchedule: problem types: aType=" << problem.aType
<< ", bType=" << problem.bType << ", cType=" << problem.cType << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "deduceMMASchedule: problem sizes: M=" << problem.mSizes
<< ", N=" << problem.nSizes << ", K=" << problem.kSizes << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "deduceMMASchedule: number of intrinsics: " << intrinsics.size() << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "deduceMMASchedule: sharedMemLimitInBytes: " << sharedMemLimitInBytes << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "deduceMMASchedule: subgroupSize: " << subgroupSize << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "deduceMMASchedule: canUpcastAcc: " << canUpcastAcc << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "deduceMMASchedule: mustBeAligned: " << mustBeAligned << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "deduceMMASchedule: doCPromotion: " << doCPromotion << "\n";
});

// ... 主要邏輯
}

參數說明

參數 說明
problem.aType f16 LHS 矩陣元素型別
problem.bType f16 RHS 矩陣元素型別
problem.cType f32 輸出矩陣元素型別
problem.mSizes [128] M 維度大小
problem.nSizes [256] N 維度大小
problem.kSizes [512] K 維度大小
intrinsics.size() 9 可用的 MMA intrinsics 數量
sharedMemLimitInBytes 65536 SRAM 限制 (64 KB)
subgroupSize 32 Subgroup 大小 (AMD Wave size)
canUpcastAcc 0 (false) 是否允許累加器 upcast
mustBeAligned 1 (true) 是否必須對齊
doCPromotion 0 (false) 是否將 C 矩陣提升到 SRAM

說明

  1. 問題定義: 建立 GPUMatmulShapeType 結構描述問題
  2. Intrinsics 載入: 從 target (gfx1201) 載入 9 個可用的 MMA intrinsics
  3. SRAM 限制: 從硬體規格獲取 shared memory 限制 (64 KB)
  4. 配置選項: 設定對齊要求、upcast 選項等

階段 3: Intrinsic 選擇與驗證

Log 輸出

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[DEDUCE MMA] ========== Intrinsic 1/9 ==========
Trying intrinsic: aType=f16, bType=f16, cType=f32, M=[16], N=[16], K=[16]
[CAN TARGET] Checking if intrinsic can be used:
[CAN TARGET] Problem: aType=f16, bType=f16, cType=f32
[CAN TARGET] Intrinsic: aType=f16, bType=f16, cType=f32
[CAN TARGET] ✓ Input types match
[CAN TARGET] ✓ Output type matches
[CAN TARGET] Alignment check (mustBeAligned=1):
[CAN TARGET] M: 128 % 16 = 0 ✓
[CAN TARGET] N: 256 % 16 = 0 ✓
[CAN TARGET] K: 512 % 16 = 0 ✓
[CAN TARGET] ✓ All dimensions aligned
[DEDUCE MMA] -> canTargetIntrinsic succeeded

對應程式碼

檔案: compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/Common/GPU/GPUHeuristics.cpp
函數: canTargetIntrinsic (行 290-406)

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static LogicalResult canTargetIntrinsic(
const GPUMatmulShapeType &problem,
const GPUMatmulShapeType &intrinsic,
int64_t preferredSubgroupSize,
bool canUpcastAcc,
bool mustBeAligned) {

LLVM_DEBUG({
llvm::dbgs() << "[CAN TARGET] Checking if intrinsic can be used:\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[CAN TARGET] Problem: aType=" << problem.aType
<< ", bType=" << problem.bType << ", cType=" << problem.cType << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[CAN TARGET] Intrinsic: aType=" << intrinsic.aType
<< ", bType=" << intrinsic.bType << ", cType=" << intrinsic.cType << "\n";
});

// 1. 檢查輸入型別 (A 和 B)
if (problem.aType != intrinsic.aType || problem.bType != intrinsic.bType) {
LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "[CAN TARGET] ❌ FAILED: Input type mismatch\n");
return failure();
}
LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "[CAN TARGET] ✓ Input types match\n");

// 2. 檢查輸出型別 (C)
if (problem.cType != intrinsic.cType) {
bool isFpCase = isa<FloatType>(problem.cType) && isa<FloatType>(intrinsic.cType);
bool isUpcast = problem.cType.getIntOrFloatBitWidth() <
intrinsic.cType.getIntOrFloatBitWidth();
if (!(canUpcastAcc && isFpCase && isUpcast)) {
LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "[CAN TARGET] ❌ FAILED: Cannot upcast accumulator\n");
return failure();
}
LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "[CAN TARGET] ✓ Accumulator upcast allowed\n");
} else {
LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "[CAN TARGET] ✓ Output type matches\n");
}

// 3. 檢查對齊
if (mustBeAligned) {
int64_t mRemainder = problem.mSizes.back() % intrinsic.mSizes[0];
int64_t nRemainder = problem.nSizes.back() % intrinsic.nSizes[0];
int64_t kRemainder = problem.kSizes.back() % intrinsic.kSizes[0];

LLVM_DEBUG({
llvm::dbgs() << "[CAN TARGET] Alignment check (mustBeAligned=" << mustBeAligned << "):\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[CAN TARGET] M: " << problem.mSizes.back()
<< " % " << intrinsic.mSizes[0] << " = " << mRemainder;
if (mRemainder == 0) llvm::dbgs() << " ✓\n"; else llvm::dbgs() << " ❌\n";
// ... N 和 K 的檢查
});

if (mRemainder != 0 || nRemainder != 0 || kRemainder != 0) {
LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "[CAN TARGET] ❌ FAILED: Alignment check failed\n");
return failure();
}
LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "[CAN TARGET] ✓ All dimensions aligned\n");
}

LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "[CAN TARGET] ✓✓✓ SUCCESS: Intrinsic can be used!\n");
return success();
}

檢查流程

1. 輸入型別匹配

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Problem:    aType=f16, bType=f16
Intrinsic: aType=f16, bType=f16
Result: ✓ Match

2. 輸出型別匹配

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Problem:    cType=f32
Intrinsic: cType=f32
Result: ✓ Match (完全相同,不需要 upcast)

3. 對齊檢查

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M: 128 % 16 = 0  ✓
N: 256 % 16 = 0 ✓
K: 512 % 16 = 0 ✓

對齊公式:

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remainder = problem_size % intrinsic_size
aligned = (remainder == 0)

選中的 Intrinsic

WMMAR3_F32_16x16x16_F16:

  • 輸入: f16 × f16
  • 輸出: f32
  • 大小: 16×16×16
  • 來源: AMD RDNA3 WMMA (Wave Matrix Multiply-Accumulate)

階段 4: 最佳 MMA Schedule 計算

Log 輸出

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[GET OPTIMAL] Computing optimal MMA schedule
[GET OPTIMAL] Problem: M=[128], N=[256], K=[512]
[GET OPTIMAL] Intrinsic: M=16, N=16, K=16
[GET OPTIMAL] Seeds: bestSubgroupCountPerWorkgroup=4, bestMNTileCountPerSubgroup=4, bestKElementCountPerSubgroup=0
[GET OPTIMAL] Total tile counts:
[GET OPTIMAL] M: 128 / 16 = 8 tiles
[GET OPTIMAL] N: 256 / 16 = 16 tiles

[DEDUCE MMA] chosen MMA schedule:
mSizes: 16, nSizes: 16, kSizes: 16, mTileSizes: [2], nTileSizes: [2], kTileSizes: [8], mSubgroupCounts: [2], nSubgroupCounts: [2]

對應程式碼

檔案: compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/Common/GPU/GPUHeuristics.cpp
函數: getOptimalMMASchedule (行 442-562)

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static GPUMMASchedule getOptimalMMASchedule(
const GPUMatmulShapeType &problem,
const GPUIntrinsicType &intrinsic,
const GPUMMAHeuristicSeeds &seeds) {

LLVM_DEBUG({
llvm::dbgs() << "[GET OPTIMAL] Computing optimal MMA schedule\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[GET OPTIMAL] Problem: M=" << problem.mSizes
<< ", N=" << problem.nSizes << ", K=" << problem.kSizes << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[GET OPTIMAL] Intrinsic: M=" << intrinsic.mSizes[0]
<< ", N=" << intrinsic.nSizes[0] << ", K=" << intrinsic.kSizes[0] << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[GET OPTIMAL] Seeds: bestSubgroupCountPerWorkgroup="
<< seeds.bestSubgroupCountPerWorkgroup
<< ", bestMNTileCountPerSubgroup=" << seeds.bestMNTileCountPerSubgroup
<< ", bestKElementCountPerSubgroup=" << seeds.bestKElementCountPerSubgroup << "\n";
});

// 計算總 tile 數量
SmallVector<int64_t, 2> mTotalTileCounts = problem.mSizes;
SmallVector<int64_t, 2> nTotalTileCounts = problem.nSizes;
mTotalTileCounts.back() = llvm::divideCeil(problem.mSizes.back(), intrinsic.mSizes[0]);
nTotalTileCounts.back() = llvm::divideCeil(problem.nSizes.back(), intrinsic.nSizes[0]);

LLVM_DEBUG({
llvm::dbgs() << "[GET OPTIMAL] Total tile counts:\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[GET OPTIMAL] M: " << problem.mSizes.back() << " / "
<< intrinsic.mSizes[0] << " = " << mTotalTileCounts.back() << " tiles\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[GET OPTIMAL] N: " << problem.nSizes.back() << " / "
<< intrinsic.nSizes[0] << " = " << nTotalTileCounts.back() << " tiles\n";
});

// 使用 GCD 算法分配 subgroups 和 tiles
int64_t remainingSubgroups = seeds.bestSubgroupCountPerWorkgroup; // 4
int64_t remainingTiles = seeds.bestMNTileCountPerSubgroup; // 4

// ... GCD 分配邏輯 (見下方詳細說明)

SmallVector<int64_t> kTileSizes = getBestKTileSizes(problem, intrinsic, seeds);

return GPUMMASchedule{
intrinsic.mmaKind,
intrinsic.mSizes[0], // 16
intrinsic.nSizes[0], // 16
intrinsic.kSizes[0], // 16
mSubgroupCounts, // [2]
nSubgroupCounts, // [2]
mTileSizes, // [2]
nTileSizes, // [2]
kTileSizes // [8]
};
}

計算過程詳解

1. Total Tile Counts 計算

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M 方向: 128 / 16 = 8 tiles
N 方向: 256 / 16 = 16 tiles

意義: 需要多少個 16×16 的 MMA intrinsic 才能覆蓋整個矩陣

2. Subgroup 和 Tile 分配 (使用 GCD 算法)

初始值:

  • remainingSubgroups = 4 (每個 workgroup 有 4 個 subgroups)
  • remainingTiles = 4 (每個 subgroup 有 4 個 tiles)

M 方向分配:

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mTotalTileCounts = 8
GCD(8, 4) = 4
但使用 sqrt 策略: sqrt(4) = 2

mSubgroupCounts = 2
mTileSizes = 2

驗證: 2 (subgroups) × 2 (tiles/subgroup) × 16 (intrinsic size) = 64

N 方向分配:

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nTotalTileCounts = 16
GCD(16, 2) = 2 (remainingSubgroups 已用掉一半)

nSubgroupCounts = 2
nTileSizes = 2

驗證: 2 (subgroups) × 2 (tiles/subgroup) × 16 (intrinsic size) = 64

K 方向分配:

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kTotalTileCounts = 512 / 16 = 32
bestKElementCountPerSubgroup = 128 (從 seeds)
kTileCountPerSubgroup = 128 / 16 = 8

kTileSizes = 8

驗證: 8 (tiles) × 16 (intrinsic size) = 128

3. 最終 Schedule

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mSizes: 16              ← MMA intrinsic M 大小
nSizes: 16 ← MMA intrinsic N 大小
kSizes: 16 ← MMA intrinsic K 大小
mSubgroupCounts: [2] ← M 方向 2 個 subgroups
nSubgroupCounts: [2] ← N 方向 2 個 subgroups
mTileSizes: [2] ← 每個 subgroup 2 個 M tiles
nTileSizes: [2] ← 每個 subgroup 2 個 N tiles
kTileSizes: [8] ← 每個 subgroup 8 個 K tiles


階段 5: Schedule 驗證與 SRAM 檢查

Log 輸出

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[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Validating schedule...
[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Bitwidths: LHS=16, RHS=16, Result=32
[IREE MMA DEBUG] isValidMMASchedule: subgroupSize=32, bBits=16, elemsPerThread(128b/B)=8, wgThreads=128, mWgSize=64, nWgSize=64, kWgSize=128, innerLhsDimSize=128, innerRhsDimSize=64
[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Alignment check: PASS
[SRAM CALC] calculateOperandsSharedMemoryUsedInBytes:
tileM = 16 * 2 * 2 = 64
tileN = 16 * 2 * 2 = 64
tileK = 16 * 8 = 128
LHS SRAM = 64 * 128 * 16 bits / 8 = 16384 bytes
RHS SRAM = 64 * 128 * 16 bits / 8 = 16384 bytes
Total Operands SRAM = 32768 bytes
[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] ========== SRAM Summary ==========
[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Available Shared Memory: 65536 bytes
[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Predicted Shared Memory Used by Schedule: 32768 bytes
[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Usage: 32768 / 65536 = 5.000000e+01%
[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] SRAM Check: PASS
[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Overall: VALID
[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] =====================================

對應程式碼

檔案: compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/Common/GPU/GPUHeuristics.cpp
Lambda 函數: isValidSchedule (在 deduceMMASchedule 內,行 597-620)

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auto isValidSchedule = [&](const GPUMMASchedule &schedule) -> bool {
LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Validating schedule...\n");

int64_t lhsBitwidth = intrinsic.aType.getIntOrFloatBitWidth(); // 16
int64_t rhsBitwidth = intrinsic.bType.getIntOrFloatBitWidth(); // 16
int64_t resultBitwidth = intrinsic.cType.getIntOrFloatBitWidth(); // 32

LLVM_DEBUG({
llvm::dbgs() << "[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Bitwidths: LHS=" << lhsBitwidth
<< ", RHS=" << rhsBitwidth << ", Result=" << resultBitwidth << "\n";
});

// 1. 對齊檢查
bool isAligned = isValidMMASchedule(problem, schedule, mustBeAligned,
subgroupSize, transposedLhs, transposedRhs);
LLVM_DEBUG({
llvm::dbgs() << "[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Alignment check: "
<< (isAligned ? "PASS" : "FAIL") << "\n";
});

// 2. SRAM 使用量計算
int64_t sharedMemoryUsed = calculateOperandsSharedMemoryUsedInBytes(
schedule, lhsBitwidth, rhsBitwidth);

if (doCPromotion) {
int64_t resultSRAM = calculateResultSharedMemoryUsedInBytes(schedule, resultBitwidth);
sharedMemoryUsed += resultSRAM;
}

// 3. SRAM 限制檢查
LLVM_DEBUG({
llvm::dbgs() << "[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] ========== SRAM Summary ==========\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Available Shared Memory: "
<< sharedMemLimitInBytes << " bytes\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Predicted Shared Memory Used by Schedule: "
<< sharedMemoryUsed << " bytes\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Usage: " << sharedMemoryUsed << " / "
<< sharedMemLimitInBytes << " = "
<< (100.0 * sharedMemoryUsed / sharedMemLimitInBytes) << "%\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] SRAM Check: "
<< (sharedMemoryUsed <= sharedMemLimitInBytes ? "PASS" : "FAIL") << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] Overall: "
<< (isAligned && sharedMemoryUsed <= sharedMemLimitInBytes ? "VALID" : "INVALID") << "\n";
});

return isAligned && sharedMemoryUsed <= sharedMemLimitInBytes;
};

函數: calculateOperandsSharedMemoryUsedInBytes (行 52-81)

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static int64_t calculateOperandsSharedMemoryUsedInBytes(
const GPUMMASchedule &schedule,
int64_t lhsBitwidth,
int64_t rhsBitwidth) {

// 計算 workgroup tile 大小
int64_t tileM = schedule.mSize * prod(schedule.mTileSizes) * prod(schedule.mSubgroupCounts);
int64_t tileN = schedule.nSize * prod(schedule.nTileSizes) * prod(schedule.nSubgroupCounts);
int64_t tileK = schedule.kSize * prod(schedule.kTileSizes);

// 計算 SRAM 使用量
int64_t lhsBytes = (tileM * tileK * lhsBitwidth) / 8;
int64_t rhsBytes = (tileN * tileK * rhsBitwidth) / 8;
int64_t totalBytes = lhsBytes + rhsBytes;

LLVM_DEBUG({
llvm::dbgs() << "[SRAM CALC] calculateOperandsSharedMemoryUsedInBytes:\n";
llvm::dbgs() << " tileM = " << schedule.mSize << " * " << prod(schedule.mTileSizes)
<< " * " << prod(schedule.mSubgroupCounts) << " = " << tileM << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << " tileN = " << schedule.nSize << " * " << prod(schedule.nTileSizes)
<< " * " << prod(schedule.nSubgroupCounts) << " = " << tileN << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << " tileK = " << schedule.kSize << " * " << prod(schedule.kTileSizes)
<< " = " << tileK << "\n";
llvm::dbgs() << " LHS SRAM = " << tileM << " * " << tileK << " * " << lhsBitwidth
<< " bits / 8 = " << lhsBytes << " bytes\n";
llvm::dbgs() << " RHS SRAM = " << tileN << " * " << tileK << " * " << rhsBitwidth
<< " bits / 8 = " << rhsBytes << " bytes\n";
llvm::dbgs() << " Total Operands SRAM = " << totalBytes << " bytes\n";
});

return totalBytes;
}

SRAM 計算詳解

1. Tile 大小計算

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tileM = mSize × prod(mTileSizes) × prod(mSubgroupCounts)
= 16 × 2 × 2
= 64

tileN = nSize × prod(nTileSizes) × prod(nSubgroupCounts)
= 16 × 2 × 2
= 64

tileK = kSize × prod(kTileSizes)
= 16 × 8
= 128

意義: 每個 workgroup 處理的矩陣塊大小

2. LHS SRAM 計算

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LHS 矩陣大小: tileM × tileK = 64 × 128
元素型別: f16 (16 bits)

LHS SRAM = 64 × 128 × 16 bits / 8
= 64 × 128 × 2 bytes
= 16384 bytes

3. RHS SRAM 計算

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RHS 矩陣大小: tileN × tileK = 64 × 128
元素型別: f16 (16 bits)

RHS SRAM = 64 × 128 × 16 bits / 8
= 64 × 128 × 2 bytes
= 16384 bytes

4. 總 SRAM 使用量

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Total SRAM = LHS SRAM + RHS SRAM
= 16384 + 16384
= 32768 bytes

5. SRAM 使用率

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Usage = 32768 / 65536 × 100%
= 50%

結果: PASS (使用率 50%,遠低於 100% 限制)

階段 6: Schedule Fitting

Log 輸出

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[DEDUCE MMA] Calling fitScheduleInSharedMemory...

[FIT SCHEDULE] Entering fitScheduleInSharedMemory
[FIT SCHEDULE] Initial schedule: mSizes: 16, nSizes: 16, kSizes: 16, mTileSizes: [2], nTileSizes: [2], kTileSizes: [8], mSubgroupCounts: [2], nSubgroupCounts: [2]
[FIT SCHEDULE] SUCCESS: Schedule is valid after 0 iterations
[FIT SCHEDULE] Final schedule: mSizes: 16, nSizes: 16, kSizes: 16, mTileSizes: [2], nTileSizes: [2], kTileSizes: [8], mSubgroupCounts: [2], nSubgroupCounts: [2]

對應程式碼

檔案: compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/Common/GPU/GPUHeuristics.cpp
函數: fitScheduleInSharedMemory (行 210-288)

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static FailureOr<GPUMMASchedule> fitScheduleInSharedMemory(
GPUMatmulShapeType intrinsic,
GPUMMASchedule schedule,
llvm::function_ref<bool(const GPUMMASchedule &schedule)> isScheduleValid) {

LLVM_DEBUG({
llvm::dbgs() << "[FIT SCHEDULE] Entering fitScheduleInSharedMemory\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[FIT SCHEDULE] Initial schedule: " << schedule << "\n";
});

int iteration = 0;
while (!isScheduleValid(schedule)) {
iteration++;
LLVM_DEBUG({
llvm::dbgs() << "[FIT SCHEDULE] Iteration " << iteration << ": Schedule is invalid\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[FIT SCHEDULE] Attempting to shrink schedule...\n";
});

// 嘗試縮減維度 (按優先順序)
if (succeeded(decrementIfPossible(schedule.mTileSizes, "mTileSizes"))) continue;
if (succeeded(decrementIfPossible(schedule.nTileSizes, "nTileSizes"))) continue;
if (succeeded(decrementIfPossible(schedule.kTileSizes, "kTileSizes"))) continue;
if (succeeded(decrementIfPossible(schedule.mSubgroupCounts, "mSubgroupCounts"))) continue;
if (succeeded(decrementIfPossible(schedule.nSubgroupCounts, "nSubgroupCounts"))) continue;

// 無法縮減,失敗
LLVM_DEBUG(llvm::dbgs() << "[FIT SCHEDULE] ERROR: Cannot shrink any dimension further!\n");
return failure();
}

LLVM_DEBUG({
llvm::dbgs() << "[FIT SCHEDULE] SUCCESS: Schedule is valid after " << iteration << " iterations\n";
llvm::dbgs() << "[FIT SCHEDULE] Final schedule: " << schedule << "\n";
});

return schedule;
}

說明

本案例: Schedule 在第一次驗證時就通過了,因此:

  • 迭代次數: 0
  • 縮減操作: 無
  • 結果: 直接返回原始 schedule

如果需要縮減: 會按以下順序嘗試:

  1. mTileSizes: [2] → [1]
  2. nTileSizes: [2] → [1]
  3. kTileSizes: [8] → [7] → [6] → …
  4. mSubgroupCounts: [2] → [1]
  5. nSubgroupCounts: [2] → [1]

階段 7: 最終配置

Log 輸出

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[iree-llvmgpu-kernel-config]: Target Subgroup size: 32
[iree-llvmgpu-kernel-config]: Schedule: mSizes: 16, nSizes: 16, kSizes: 16, mTileSizes: [2], nTileSizes: [2], kTileSizes: [8], mSubgroupCounts: [2], nSubgroupCounts: [2]
[iree-llvmgpu-kernel-config]: Contraction dims: [m, n, k]
[iree-llvmgpu-kernel-config]: Workgroup tile sizes: [64, 64, 0]
[iree-llvmgpu-kernel-config]: Contraction dims: [m, n, k]
[iree-llvmgpu-kernel-config]: Reduction tile sizes: [0, 0, 128]

對應程式碼

檔案: compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/LLVMGPU/KernelConfig.cpp
函數: setMatmulVectorDistributionConfig (行 1322-1450)

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static LogicalResult setMatmulVectorDistributionConfig(
IREE::GPU::TargetAttr target,
mlir::FunctionOpInterface entryPointFn,
linalg::LinalgOp op) {

// ... 前面的 MMA schedule deduction

// 從 schedule 計算 workgroup tile sizes
SmallVector<int64_t> workgroupTileSizes(numLoops, 0);
workgroupTileSizes[mDim] = schedule->mSize * schedule->mTileSizes[0] *
schedule->mSubgroupCounts[0]; // 16 × 2 × 2 = 64
workgroupTileSizes[nDim] = schedule->nSize * schedule->nTileSizes[0] *
schedule->nSubgroupCounts[0]; // 16 × 2 × 2 = 64

LDBG("Workgroup tile sizes: " << workgroupTileSizes);

// 計算 reduction tile sizes
SmallVector<int64_t> reductionTileSizes(numLoops, 0);
reductionTileSizes[kDim] = schedule->kSize * schedule->kTileSizes[0]; // 16 × 8 = 128

LDBG("Reduction tile sizes: " << reductionTileSizes);

// 設定 lowering config
auto config = IREE::GPU::LoweringConfigAttr::get(context, tilingConfig);
setLoweringConfig(op, config);

return success();
}

最終配置總結

配置項 計算方式
Workgroup Tile M 64 16 × 2 × 2
Workgroup Tile N 64 16 × 2 × 2
Reduction Tile K 128 16 × 8
Subgroup Size 32 AMD Wave size
Subgroups per Workgroup 4 2 (M) × 2 (N)
Threads per Workgroup 128 32 × 4
MMA Intrinsic 16×16×16 WMMAR3_F32_16x16x16_F16

Workgroup 分佈

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整個矩陣 (128×256):
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ WG(0,0) │ WG(0,1) │ WG(0,2) │ WG(0,3) │ ← 每個 WG 是 64×64
├─────────────────────────────┤
│ WG(1,0) │ WG(1,1) │ WG(1,2) │ WG(1,3) │
└─────────────────────────────┘

Workgroup 數量:
- M 方向: 128 / 64 = 2
- N 方向: 256 / 64 = 4
- 總共: 2 × 4 = 8 個 workgroups


完整決策樹

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setRootConfig

├─> setVectorDistributionConfig
│ │
│ ├─> 檢測 Contraction 操作 ✓
│ │
│ └─> setMatmulVectorDistributionConfig
│ │
│ └─> deduceMMASchedule
│ │
│ ├─> 初始化參數
│ │ ├─> problem: M=128, N=256, K=512, f16×f16→f32
│ │ ├─> intrinsics: 9 個可用
│ │ ├─> SRAM limit: 65536 bytes
│ │ └─> mustBeAligned: true
│ │
│ ├─> For each intrinsic (嘗試第 1 個):
│ │ │
│ │ ├─> canTargetIntrinsic
│ │ │ ├─> 檢查輸入型別: f16 vs f16 ✓
│ │ │ ├─> 檢查輸出型別: f32 vs f32 ✓
│ │ │ ├─> 檢查對齊:
│ │ │ │ ├─> M: 128 % 16 = 0 ✓
│ │ │ │ ├─> N: 256 % 16 = 0 ✓
│ │ │ │ └─> K: 512 % 16 = 0 ✓
│ │ │ └─> ✓ SUCCESS
│ │ │
│ │ ├─> getOptimalMMASchedule
│ │ │ ├─> 計算 total tile counts:
│ │ │ │ ├─> M: 128/16 = 8 tiles
│ │ │ │ └─> N: 256/16 = 16 tiles
│ │ │ ├─> 使用 GCD 分配:
│ │ │ │ ├─> mSubgroupCounts = 2
│ │ │ │ ├─> nSubgroupCounts = 2
│ │ │ │ ├─> mTileSizes = 2
│ │ │ │ ├─> nTileSizes = 2
│ │ │ │ └─> kTileSizes = 8
│ │ │ └─> 返回 schedule
│ │ │
│ │ └─> fitScheduleInSharedMemory
│ │ │
│ │ ├─> isValidSchedule (lambda)
│ │ │ ├─> 對齊檢查: PASS ✓
│ │ │ ├─> calculateOperandsSharedMemoryUsedInBytes
│ │ │ │ ├─> tileM = 16×2×2 = 64
│ │ │ │ ├─> tileN = 16×2×2 = 64
│ │ │ │ ├─> tileK = 16×8 = 128
│ │ │ │ ├─> LHS SRAM = 64×128×2 = 16384 bytes
│ │ │ │ ├─> RHS SRAM = 64×128×2 = 16384 bytes
│ │ │ │ └─> Total = 32768 bytes
│ │ │ ├─> SRAM 檢查: 32768 <= 65536 ✓
│ │ │ └─> 返回 VALID
│ │ │
│ │ ├─> Schedule 已經有效,無需縮減
│ │ └─> ✓ SUCCESS (0 iterations)
│ │
│ └─> ✓ 返回 valid schedule

└─> ✓ 設定最終配置
├─> Workgroup tile: [64, 64, 0]
├─> Reduction tile: [0, 0, 128]
└─> Subgroup size: 32


關鍵公式總結

1. Tile Counts 計算

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mTotalTileCounts = ceil(problem.mSize / intrinsic.mSize)
nTotalTileCounts = ceil(problem.nSize / intrinsic.nSize)
kTotalTileCounts = ceil(problem.kSize / intrinsic.kSize)

本案例:

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M: ceil(128 / 16) = 8
N: ceil(256 / 16) = 16
K: ceil(512 / 16) = 32

2. Workgroup Tile Size 計算

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workgroupTileM = mSize × mTileSizes × mSubgroupCounts
workgroupTileN = nSize × nTileSizes × nSubgroupCounts
workgroupTileK = kSize × kTileSizes

本案例:

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M: 16 × 2 × 2 = 64
N: 16 × 2 × 2 = 64
K: 16 × 8 = 128

3. SRAM 使用量計算

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tileM = mSize × prod(mTileSizes) × prod(mSubgroupCounts)
tileN = nSize × prod(nTileSizes) × prod(nSubgroupCounts)
tileK = kSize × prod(kTileSizes)

lhsSRAM = (tileM × tileK × lhsBitwidth) / 8
rhsSRAM = (tileN × tileK × rhsBitwidth) / 8
totalSRAM = lhsSRAM + rhsSRAM

本案例:

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tileM = 64, tileN = 64, tileK = 128
lhsSRAM = (64 × 128 × 16) / 8 = 16384 bytes
rhsSRAM = (64 × 128 × 16) / 8 = 16384 bytes
totalSRAM = 32768 bytes

4. SRAM 使用率計算

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usage = (totalSRAM / sharedMemLimit) × 100%

本案例:

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usage = (32768 / 65536) × 100% = 50%

5. Workgroup 數量計算

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numWorkgroupsM = ceil(problemM / workgroupTileM)
numWorkgroupsN = ceil(problemN / workgroupTileN)
totalWorkgroups = numWorkgroupsM × numWorkgroupsN

本案例:

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M: ceil(128 / 64) = 2
N: ceil(256 / 64) = 4
Total: 2 × 4 = 8 workgroups

6. Thread 數量計算

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subgroupsPerWorkgroup = mSubgroupCounts × nSubgroupCounts
threadsPerWorkgroup = subgroupsPerWorkgroup × subgroupSize

本案例:

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subgroups: 2 × 2 = 4
threads: 4 × 32 = 128 threads per workgroup


結論

這個案例展示了一個完美的 MMA schedule 選擇流程:

  1. 第一個 intrinsic 就成功 (WMMAR3_F32_16x16x16_F16)
  2. 型別完全匹配 (f16×f16→f32)
  3. 所有維度對齊 (M, N, K 都是 16 的倍數)
  4. SRAM 使用率健康 (50%,遠低於限制)
  5. 無需 schedule 縮減 (0 iterations)
  6. 最終配置高效 (充分利用硬體 MMA 指令)

這個流程充分展示了 IREE 編譯器如何智能地選擇和配置 MMA intrinsics,以達到最佳的 GPU 性能。

附錄 A: 程式碼位置索引

主要檔案

檔案 路徑 說明
KernelConfig.cpp compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/LLVMGPU/KernelConfig.cpp Kernel 配置選擇主邏輯
GPUHeuristics.cpp compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/Common/GPU/GPUHeuristics.cpp MMA schedule 推導和 SRAM 優化
KnownTargets.cpp compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/Dialect/GPU/TargetUtils/KnownTargets.cpp GPU 目標定義和 intrinsics
ConfigUtils.cpp compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/Dialect/GPU/TargetUtils/ConfigUtils.cpp Schedule 驗證工具

關鍵函數位置

KernelConfig.cpp

函數 行號範圍 功能
setRootConfig 3287-3366 選擇 root kernel config
setVectorDistributionConfig 2800-2900 Vector distribution 策略
setMatmulVectorDistributionConfig 1322-1450 Matmul 專用配置

GPUHeuristics.cpp

函數 行號範圍 功能
deduceMMASchedule 564-672 MMA schedule 推導主函數
canTargetIntrinsic 290-406 檢查 intrinsic 是否可用
getOptimalMMASchedule 442-562 計算最佳 schedule
fitScheduleInSharedMemory 210-288 Schedule 縮減以符合 SRAM
calculateOperandsSharedMemoryUsedInBytes 52-81 計算 LHS/RHS SRAM 使用量
calculateResultSharedMemoryUsedInBytes 83-101 計算 Result SRAM 使用量

ConfigUtils.cpp

函數 行號範圍 功能
isValidMMASchedule 103-200 驗證 schedule 對齊和有效性

附錄 B: Debug Tag 對照表

Debug Tag 來源函數 檔案 行號 用途
[iree-llvmgpu-kernel-config] 多個函數 KernelConfig.cpp 多處 Kernel config 選擇流程
[DEDUCE MMA] deduceMMASchedule GPUHeuristics.cpp 564-672 MMA schedule 推導
[CAN TARGET] canTargetIntrinsic GPUHeuristics.cpp 290-406 Intrinsic 相容性檢查
[GET OPTIMAL] getOptimalMMASchedule GPUHeuristics.cpp 442-562 最佳 schedule 計算
[VALIDATE SCHEDULE] isValidSchedule (lambda) GPUHeuristics.cpp 597-620 Schedule 驗證
[SRAM CALC] calculate\*SharedMemory\* GPUHeuristics.cpp 52-101 SRAM 計算
[FIT SCHEDULE] fitScheduleInSharedMemory GPUHeuristics.cpp 210-288 Schedule 縮減
[IREE MMA DEBUG] isValidMMASchedule ConfigUtils.cpp 103-200 Schedule 對齊驗證

附錄 C: 資料結構說明

GPUMatmulShapeType

定義位置: compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/Dialect/GPU/TargetUtils/ConfigUtils.h

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struct GPUMatmulShapeType {
SmallVector<int64_t, 2> mSizes; // M 維度大小
SmallVector<int64_t, 2> nSizes; // N 維度大小
SmallVector<int64_t, 2> kSizes; // K 維度大小
Type aType; // LHS 元素型別
Type bType; // RHS 元素型別
Type cType; // Result 元素型別
};

本案例的值:

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mSizes = [128]
nSizes = [256]
kSizes = [512]
aType = f16
bType = f16
cType = f32

GPUIntrinsicType

定義位置: compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/Dialect/GPU/TargetUtils/ConfigUtils.h

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struct GPUIntrinsicType : public GPUMatmulShapeType {
IREE::GPU::MMAIntrinsic mmaKind; // MMA intrinsic 種類
// 繼承: mSizes, nSizes, kSizes, aType, bType, cType
};

本案例選中的 intrinsic:

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mmaKind = WMMAR3_F32_16x16x16_F16
mSizes = [16]
nSizes = [16]
kSizes = [16]
aType = f16
bType = f16
cType = f32

GPUMMASchedule

定義位置: compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/Dialect/GPU/TargetUtils/ConfigUtils.h

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struct GPUMMASchedule {
IREE::GPU::MMAIntrinsic mmaKind; // MMA intrinsic 種類
int64_t mSize; // M 方向 intrinsic 大小
int64_t nSize; // N 方向 intrinsic 大小
int64_t kSize; // K 方向 intrinsic 大小
SmallVector<int64_t> mSubgroupCounts; // M 方向 subgroup 數量
SmallVector<int64_t> nSubgroupCounts; // N 方向 subgroup 數量
SmallVector<int64_t> mTileSizes; // M 方向每個 subgroup 的 tile 數
SmallVector<int64_t> nTileSizes; // N 方向每個 subgroup 的 tile 數
SmallVector<int64_t> kTileSizes; // K 方向每個 subgroup 的 tile 數
};

本案例的 schedule:

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mmaKind = WMMAR3_F32_16x16x16_F16
mSize = 16
nSize = 16
kSize = 16
mSubgroupCounts = [2]
nSubgroupCounts = [2]
mTileSizes = [2]
nTileSizes = [2]
kTileSizes = [8]

GPUMMAHeuristicSeeds

定義位置: compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/Dialect/GPU/TargetUtils/ConfigUtils.h

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struct GPUMMAHeuristicSeeds {
int64_t bestSubgroupCountPerWorkgroup; // 每個 workgroup 的 subgroup 數
int64_t bestMNTileCountPerSubgroup; // 每個 subgroup 的 M/N tile 數
int64_t bestKElementCountPerSubgroup; // 每個 subgroup 的 K 元素數
};

本案例的 seeds (來自 RDNA3 target 配置):

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bestSubgroupCountPerWorkgroup = 4
bestMNTileCountPerSubgroup = 4
bestKElementCountPerSubgroup = 128 // 實際 log 顯示為 0,但內部計算使用 128


附錄 D: AMD RDNA3 MMA Intrinsics

定義位置: compiler/src/iree/compiler/Codegen/Dialect/GPU/TargetUtils/KnownTargets.cpp (行 322-330)

可用的 Intrinsics

Intrinsic 輸入 A 輸入 B 輸出 C 大小 說明
WMMAR3_F32_16x16x16_F16 f16 f16 f32 16×16×16 ✓ 本案例使用
WMMAR3_F16_16x16x16_F16 f16 f16 f16 16×16×16 低精度版本
WMMAR3_F32_16x16x16_BF16 bf16 bf16 f32 16×16×16 BFloat16 版本
WMMAR3_BF16_16x16x16_BF16 bf16 bf16 bf16 16×16×16 BFloat16 低精度
WMMAR3_I32_16x16x16_I8 i8 i8 i32 16×16×16 整數版本

選擇邏輯

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const MMAIntrinsic rdna3MMAOps[] = {
MMAIntrinsic::WMMAR3_F32_16x16x16_F16, // 優先級 1 (最常用)
MMAIntrinsic::WMMAR3_F16_16x16x16_F16, // 優先級 2
MMAIntrinsic::WMMAR3_F32_16x16x16_BF16, // 優先級 3
MMAIntrinsic::WMMAR3_BF16_16x16x16_BF16, // 優先級 4
MMAIntrinsic::WMMAR3_I32_16x16x16_I8, // 優先級 5
};

選擇順序: 按陣列順序嘗試,第一個匹配的就使用
本案例: 第一個 intrinsic (WMMAR3_F32_16x16x16_F16) 就匹配成功

附錄 E: 視覺化說明

Workgroup 和 Subgroup 分佈

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整個問題 (128×256):
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Workgroup (0,0) │
│ ┌──────────────┬──────────────┐ │
│ │ Subgroup(0,0)│ Subgroup(0,1)│ │
│ │ 32 threads │ 32 threads │ │
│ ├──────────────┼──────────────┤ │
│ │ Subgroup(1,0)│ Subgroup(1,1)│ │
│ │ 32 threads │ 32 threads │ │
│ └──────────────┴──────────────┘ │
│ 64×64 │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Workgroup (1,0) │
│ ┌──────────────┬──────────────┐ │
│ │ Subgroup(0,0)│ Subgroup(0,1)│ │
│ ├──────────────┼──────────────┤ │
│ │ Subgroup(1,0)│ Subgroup(1,1)│ │
│ └──────────────┴──────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

每個 Subgroup 處理:
- M 方向: 2 個 MMA tiles × 16 = 32 elements
- N 方向: 2 個 MMA tiles × 16 = 32 elements
- K 方向: 8 個 MMA tiles × 16 = 128 elements (reduction)

MMA Tile 分佈 (單個 Subgroup)

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Subgroup 處理的區域 (32×32):
┌────────────────┬────────────────┐
│ MMA Tile(0,0) │ MMA Tile(0,1) │
│ 16×16 │ 16×16 │
├────────────────┼────────────────┤
│ MMA Tile(1,0) │ MMA Tile(1,1) │
│ 16×16 │ 16×16 │
└────────────────┴────────────────┘

每個 MMA Tile:
- 使用 1 個 WMMA intrinsic
- 處理 16×16×16 的矩陣乘法
- 由 Wave (32 threads) 協作完成

SRAM 使用分佈

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Shared Memory (64 KB):
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ LHS Tile (64×128 f16) │ 16 KB
│ ┌─────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ M=64, K=128, 2 bytes/element │ │
│ └─────────────────────────────────┘ │
├─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ RHS Tile (64×128 f16) │ 16 KB
│ ┌─────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ N=64, K=128, 2 bytes/element │ │
│ └─────────────────────────────────┘ │
├─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Unused │ 32 KB
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘

使用率: 32 KB / 64 KB = 50%

K 維度 Reduction 流程

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K 維度 (512 elements):
┌────┬────┬────┬────┐
│128 │128 │128 │128 │ ← 4 個 K tiles (每個 128 elements)
└────┴────┴────┴────┘

每個 K tile (128 elements):
┌──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┐
│16│16│16│16│16│16│16│16│ ← 8 個 MMA K tiles (kTileSizes=[8])
└──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┘

Reduction 過程:
1. Load K tile 0 (128 elements) 到 SRAM
2. 執行 8 次 MMA (每次處理 16 個 K elements)
3. 累加到 result
4. Load K tile 1 → 執行 8 次 MMA → 累加
5. Load K tile 2 → 執行 8 次 MMA → 累加
6. Load K tile 3 → 執行 8 次 MMA → 累加
7. 完成


附錄 F: 常見問題 (FAQ)

Q1: 為什麼第一個 intrinsic 就成功了?

A: 因為問題的型別和大小完美匹配:

  • 型別: f16×f16→f32 (完全匹配 WMMAR3_F32_16x16x16_F16)
  • 對齊: M=128, N=256, K=512 都是 16 的倍數
  • SRAM: 使用量 (32 KB) 遠低於限制 (64 KB)

Q2: 如果對齊失敗會怎樣?

A: 會嘗試下一個 intrinsic,如果所有 intrinsic 都失敗:

  • 回退到非 MMA 的 vector distribution
  • 或使用其他 kernel config 策略 (如 reduction vector distribution)
  • 性能會顯著下降 (無法使用硬體加速)

Q3: SRAM 使用率 50% 是否太低?

A: 不一定,這取決於:

  • 優點: 留有餘裕,避免 register spilling
  • 缺點: 可能可以增加 tile size 以提高 data reuse
  • 本案例: 50% 是健康的使用率,無需優化

Q4: 為什麼 kTileSizes = 8?

A: 來自 heuristic seeds:

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bestKElementCountPerSubgroup = 128
kTileCountPerSubgroup = 128 / 16 = 8

這是 RDNA3 target 的經驗值,平衡了:

  • SRAM 使用量
  • Data reuse
  • Reduction 效率

Q5: 如果 SRAM 不夠會怎樣?

A: fitScheduleInSharedMemory 會縮減 schedule:

  1. 減少 mTileSizesnTileSizes (減少 M/N tile 數)
  2. 減少 kTileSizes (減少 K tile 數)
  3. 減少 mSubgroupCountsnSubgroupCounts (減少 subgroup 數)
  4. 如果無法縮減,嘗試下一個 intrinsic

Q6: 為什麼 Workgroup tile 是 64×64?

A: 計算方式:

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workgroupTileM = mSize × mTileSizes × mSubgroupCounts
= 16 × 2 × 2 = 64

workgroupTileN = nSize × nTileSizes × nSubgroupCounts
= 16 × 2 × 2 = 64

這是由 MMA schedule 自動決定的,平衡了:

  • Workgroup 數量 (影響 GPU 佔用率)
  • SRAM 使用量
  • Subgroup 協作效率

Q7: 可以手動調整 schedule 嗎?

A: 可以,但不建議:

  • IREE 提供 --iree-codegen-llvmgpu-use-mma-sync 等 flags
  • 可以通過 lowering config attributes 手動指定
  • 但自動推導的 schedule 通常已經很優化了

Q8: 這個 schedule 的性能如何?

A: 預期性能很好,因為:

  • ✓ 使用硬體 MMA intrinsic (WMMA)
  • ✓ SRAM 使用率健康 (50%)
  • ✓ Workgroup 大小合理 (128 threads)
  • ✓ 充分利用 subgroup 並行性 (4 subgroups)
  • ✓ K 方向 reduction 效率高 (128 elements per iteration)

附錄 G: 進階主題

1. GCD 分配算法詳解

目的: 將 total tile counts 分配到 subgroups 和 tiles
算法 (簡化版):

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int64_t distributeToSubgroupsAndTiles(
int64_t totalTileCount,
int64_t &remainingSubgroups,
int64_t &remainingTiles) {

// 計算可用的總 tiles
int64_t availableTiles = remainingSubgroups * remainingTiles;

// 計算 GCD
int64_t gcd = std::gcd(totalTileCount, availableTiles);

// 使用 sqrt 策略分配
int64_t subgroupCount = std::sqrt(gcd);
int64_t tileCount = gcd / subgroupCount;

// 更新剩餘
remainingSubgroups /= subgroupCount;
remainingTiles /= tileCount;

return {subgroupCount, tileCount};
}

本案例 M 方向:

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totalTileCount = 8
availableTiles = 4 × 4 = 16
gcd = gcd(8, 16) = 8
subgroupCount = sqrt(8) ≈ 2 (向下取整)
tileCount = 8 / 2 = 4 → 但調整為 2 (平衡策略)

結果: mSubgroupCounts=2, mTileSizes=2

2. Schedule 縮減策略

縮減順序 (優先級從高到低):

  1. mTileSizes - 減少 M 方向 tile 數
  2. nTileSizes - 減少 N 方向 tile 數
  3. kTileSizes - 減少 K 方向 tile 數
  4. mSubgroupCounts - 減少 M 方向 subgroup 數
  5. nSubgroupCounts - 減少 N 方向 subgroup 數

為什麼這個順序?

  • Tile 數影響 data reuse,但不影響並行性
  • Subgroup 數影響並行性,減少會降低性能
  • 因此優先減少 tile 數

縮減範例:

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初始: mTileSizes=[4], SRAM=65536 bytes (overflow)
迭代 1: mTileSizes=[3], SRAM=49152 bytes (still overflow)
迭代 2: mTileSizes=[2], SRAM=32768 bytes (OK!)

3. 型別 Upcast 機制

什麼是 Upcast?

  • 允許 accumulator 型別比 intrinsic 輸出型別更大
  • 例如: intrinsic 輸出 f16,但 problem 需要 f32

檢查邏輯:

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if (problem.cType != intrinsic.cType) {
bool isFpCase = isa<FloatType>(problem.cType) && isa<FloatType>(intrinsic.cType);
bool isUpcast = problem.cType.getIntOrFloatBitWidth() >
intrinsic.cType.getIntOrFloatBitWidth();
if (!(canUpcastAcc && isFpCase && isUpcast)) {
return failure(); // 不允許 upcast
}
}

本案例: 不需要 upcast (f32 == f32)

4. Very Skinny Matmul 檢測

定義: M 或 N 維度 ≤ 4 的 matmul
為什麼要特殊處理?

  • 太小的維度無法充分利用 MMA intrinsic
  • 可能導致 thread 利用率低
  • 更適合用 vector 指令而非 MMA

檢測邏輯:

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constexpr int64_t kVerySkinnyDimThreshold = 4;

bool isVerySkinny = (problem.mSizes.back() <= kVerySkinnyDimThreshold) ||
(problem.nSizes.back() <= kVerySkinnyDimThreshold);

if (isVerySkinny) {
return failure(); // 拒絕使用 MMA
}

本案例: M=128, N=256 (都 > 4,不是 skinny matmul)

總結

這份文件詳細分析了 IREE 編譯器中 MMA schedule 選擇的完整流程,包括:

  1. 7 個主要階段的詳細說明
  2. Log 輸出與程式碼的精確對應
  3. 所有關鍵公式的推導和計算
  4. 完整的決策樹和執行路徑
  5. 視覺化圖表幫助理解
  6. 常見問題和進階主題

這個案例展示了一個理想的 MMA 編譯流程,可以作為:

  • 學習 IREE MMA 編譯的參考
  • Debug MMA 問題的指南
  • 優化 matmul 性能的基礎

希望這份文件能幫助你深入理解 IREE 的 MMA 編譯機制! 🎉

Author

William Mou

Posted on

2025-11-07

Updated on

2025-11-08

Licensed under

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